Seed germination and root priming dominate this stage, with seedling sturdiness determining transplant success. Rapid root elongation, early leaf unfolding, and uniform seedling vigour are the key physiological markers.

An optimum temperature of 25–30 °C and soil pH 6.0–6.8 ensure proper nutrient uptake. Moist, well-drained nursery beds are essential; waterlogging or drought checks growth and increases damping-off risk.

Focus is on balanced NPK to promote early root and shoot growth, zinc for vigour and enzyme activity, and organic conditioners for soil health, nematode control, and immunity.

This stage is characterised by rapid leaf expansion, stem elongation, and branch development. A strong canopy ensures better photosynthesis and sets the foundation for high flower initiation later.

Optimum temperature range is 20–28 °C with soil pH of 6.0–6.8. Consistent soil moisture is essential; both waterlogging and drought cause stunted growth and susceptibility to pests. Timely weeding and staking improve plant architecture.

Focus is on nitrogen-driven growth supported by phosphorus for roots and CMS nutrients (Ca, Mg, S) for cell wall strength, chlorophyll synthesis, and metabolic activity. Balanced nutrition avoids weak, soft growth and prepares the plant for flowering.

This stage focuses on rapid cell division and expansion within the fruit, which determines size, firmness, and quality. Carbohydrate translocation from leaves to fruits intensifies, demanding balanced nutrient supply.

Optimal conditions include 25–32 °C temperature with consistent soil moisture. Any fluctuations in irrigation or nutrient stress during this period lead to poor fruit size, cracking, or physiological disorders.

Fruit cell expansion and sugar accumulation dominate this stage. Potassium accelerates fruit filling and enhances TSS and colour, while calcium and boron strengthen cell walls and prevent disorders like cracking or blossom-end rot. Multi-nutrient support ensures balanced metabolism for steady growth and improved fruit quality.

This stage is marked by pigment accumulation, sugar conversion, and softening processes that finalize fruit quality. Uniform ripening depends on a steady supply of assimilates and balanced nutrition.

Optimal conditions include warm days (25–30 °C), moderate nights, and non-fluctuating irrigation. Any moisture stress or nutrient imbalance at this stage results in patchy color, reduced firmness, or poor shelf life.

Potassium supports uniform color development and sweetness, calcium fortifies cell walls for transport resilience, and magnesium maintains photosynthetic activity in foliage to sustain fruit filling. Micronutrients like boron aid in final seed and fruit maturation.